- Net interest margin (NIM)
- Net interest income divided by average earning assets — what the bank keeps between what it earns on loans and securities and what it pays for deposits and borrowings. The single number that drives whether a bank can afford to compete on your deposit rate.
- Cost of funds
- The blended rate a bank pays for all its funding — checking, savings, CDs, borrowings. A bank with a low cost of funds can price loans aggressively; one that bought deposits at high rates cannot.
- Loan-to-deposit ratio
- Loans divided by deposits. High ratios mean the bank is lent up and may ration new credit or chase deposits; low ratios mean capacity to lend. It moves a bank's appetite more than any borrower's story.
- Noninterest-bearing (NIB) deposits
- Operating balances that pay no interest — historically the cheapest funding in banking. The share of NIB deposits collapsed at most banks after 2022 as treasurers swept idle cash to yield, and rebuilding it is the core commercial-banking sales motion.
- Core vs. brokered deposits
- Core deposits come from real customer relationships in the bank's market; brokered deposits are bought through intermediaries. Regulators treat brokered funding as flightier and less stable, and heavy reliance on it draws examiner attention.
- Deposit beta
- The share of a change in market rates that a bank passes through to depositors. A 40% beta means a 100 bp Fed move raises deposit rates 40 bp. It explains why your savings rate rises slowly and falls quickly.
- CD ladder
- Splitting cash across certificates with staggered maturities so a tranche matures regularly. Preserves access to funds and averages the reinvestment rate instead of betting the whole balance on one point in the rate cycle.
- FDIC insurance limit and IntraFi/ICS sweep
- FDIC insurance covers $250,000 per depositor, per insured bank, per ownership category. Reciprocal deposit networks such as IntraFi's ICS and CDARS spread a large balance across many member banks so the whole amount stays insured while the customer keeps one relationship.
- NCUA share insurance
- The National Credit Union Share Insurance Fund covers credit union member deposits to $250,000 per member, per insured credit union, per ownership category — the NCUA's parallel to FDIC coverage, backed by the full faith and credit of the United States.
- Community Reinvestment Act (CRA)
- The 1977 law requiring banks to help meet credit needs across their entire assessment area, including low- and moderate-income neighborhoods. CRA ratings are public and a poor one can block branch expansion and merger approval.
- BSA/AML
- The Bank Secrecy Act and anti-money-laundering program requirements — the compliance backbone behind account-opening questions, transaction monitoring and the currency transaction reports filed on cash activity above $10,000.
- KYC and CIP
- Know Your Customer and the Customer Identification Program: verifying who the accountholder is and, for legal entities, who beneficially owns and controls it. This is why opening a business account requires formation documents and owner identification.
- OFAC screening
- Checking customers and payment counterparties against Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control sanctions lists. A hit blocks or rejects the payment, which is the usual reason an international wire stalls without explanation.
- Suspicious Activity Report (SAR)
- A confidential filing a bank makes to FinCEN when activity appears suspicious. Banks are legally barred from telling the customer a SAR was filed — the reason an account exit is sometimes explained only as a business decision.
- Regulation E
- The Electronic Fund Transfer Act rule that gives consumers error-resolution rights and caps liability on unauthorized electronic transfers. It does not cover business accounts — commercial fraud losses are allocated by the deposit agreement and UCC Article 4A instead.
- Regulation CC
- The funds-availability rule governing check hold times and next-day availability. It sets when deposited money becomes usable, and its exception holds are what a business runs into on large or new-account deposits.
- Regulation DD
- The Truth in Savings rule requiring standardized disclosure of annual percentage yield, fees and terms on deposit accounts so rates can be compared honestly across institutions.
- Regulation Z
- The Truth in Lending rule requiring APR and cost-of-credit disclosure. It governs consumer credit; most pure commercial lending falls outside it, which is why business loan pricing is quoted so inconsistently.
- TRID
- The TILA-RESPA Integrated Disclosure rule, which merged mortgage disclosures into the Loan Estimate and Closing Disclosure with strict timing and tolerance requirements. It governs consumer-purpose real estate loans, not commercial ones.
- UDAAP
- Unfair, Deceptive, or Abusive Acts or Practices — the catch-all supervisory standard under which a practice can be cited even when no specific rule was broken. It drives how banks word fees, marketing and overdraft programs.
- Section 1071 small-business lending data
- The Dodd-Frank provision requiring lenders to collect and report demographic and pricing data on small-business credit applications. The CFPB finalized the rule in March 2023; litigation and successive compliance-date extensions have kept its final shape unsettled while lenders build for it anyway.
- CECL
- Current Expected Credit Losses, the accounting standard requiring banks to reserve for lifetime expected losses at origination rather than waiting for loss to become probable. It front-loads provisions and makes rapid loan growth expensive in the quarter it happens.
- ALLL / ACL
- The allowance for loan and lease losses, now the allowance for credit losses — the balance-sheet reserve against expected loan losses. Its size relative to loans is a fast read on how a bank sees its own credit risk.
- Tier 1 capital
- The core loss-absorbing capital of a bank — principally common equity and retained earnings. Regulators measure it against both risk-weighted assets and total assets, and it sets the ceiling on how much a bank can lend.
- CET1
- Common Equity Tier 1, the highest-quality slice of Tier 1 capital. The CET1 ratio is the headline solvency measure and the constraint most often cited when a bank slows lending or pauses buybacks.
- Leverage ratio
- Tier 1 capital divided by average total assets, with no risk weighting. It backstops the risk-based ratios by catching banks that look well capitalized only because their assets carry low risk weights.
- Risk-weighted assets
- Assets scaled by regulatory risk weight — cash and Treasuries near zero, residential mortgages lighter, commercial and construction loans heavier. It is why a bank may prefer securities to loans when capital is tight.
- Liquidity coverage
- The ability to fund outflows from high-quality liquid assets and committed sources over a stress horizon. Formal LCR rules bind only the largest banks, but every bank now runs liquidity stress tests and contingency funding plans after 2023.
- Held-to-maturity vs. available-for-sale, and unrealized losses
- Securities classified held-to-maturity sit at amortized cost and hide market losses; available-for-sale securities are marked to market through equity. When rates rose sharply, large unrealized losses accumulated in both buckets — harmless if held, crystallized the moment a deposit run forces a sale, which is precisely what broke Silicon Valley Bank.
- Interest rate risk and duration gap
- The exposure created when assets and liabilities reprice on different schedules. Duration gap measures the mismatch: a bank funding long fixed-rate loans with overnight deposits is short-funded and gets squeezed when rates rise.
- C&I lending
- Commercial and industrial lending — working-capital lines, term loans and equipment finance to operating businesses, underwritten on cash flow rather than property value. The relationship product community banks fight hardest for.
- CRE concentration guidance
- The 2006 interagency guidance flagging banks whose construction and land loans exceed 100% of total capital, or whose total commercial real estate exceeds 300% of capital with 50% growth over 36 months, for heightened risk-management scrutiny. Exceeding it is not a violation, but it changes how a bank is examined and how much CRE it will write.
- SBA 7(a) and 504
- The two main SBA programs. 7(a) is the flexible workhorse — working capital, acquisition, refinance — with an SBA guaranty on part of the loan. 504 pairs a bank first lien with a Certified Development Company debenture for owner-occupied real estate and heavy equipment at long fixed rates.
- Participation loan
- A loan too large for one bank's legal lending limit, sold in shares to other banks. It lets a community bank serve a customer whose borrowing outgrew it — and quietly spreads that credit's risk across a region.
- Treasury management
- The bundle of services that automates a company's cash cycle — collections, disbursements, concentration, reporting and fraud controls. It is priced through fees and earnings credit, and it is what makes a banking relationship genuinely sticky.
- ACH
- The Automated Clearing House batch network for payroll, vendor payments and direct debits. Cheap, same-day or next-day, and reversible under NACHA rules within limits — which is exactly what instant rails are not.
- RTP
- The Real-Time Payments network operated by The Clearing House since 2017 — 24/7 instant, irrevocable credit transfers with richer remittance data than ACH. Bank-owned, and the private-sector counterpart to FedNow.
- FedNow
- The Federal Reserve's instant payment service, launched July 2023, settling in central bank money around the clock. Adoption has been driven by core processors enabling it for community banks, and receive-only participation still far outruns send capability.
- Wire transfer
- Same-day, final, individually processed credit transfer over Fedwire or CHIPS. Fast and effectively irreversible — which is why wire fraud and business email compromise target it, and why callback verification is not optional.
- Positive pay
- A treasury service where the company sends its issued-check file to the bank, which flags any presented item that does not match for pay-or-return decision. Payee positive pay extends the match to the payee name, and ACH positive pay filters unauthorized debits.
- Lockbox
- A bank-run mailbox where customer payments are received, opened, deposited and imaged on the company's behalf. Shortens float and removes cash and checks from the office, cutting both delay and internal fraud opportunity.
- Remote deposit capture
- Scanning checks at the business and transmitting the images for deposit instead of visiting a branch. Standard now, but it shifts duplicate-presentment and image-quality risk onto the depositor under the deposit agreement.
- Merchant services
- Card acceptance sold or referred by the bank — processing, gateway, terminals, settlement and chargeback handling. Frequently the least transparent line in a banking relationship and the one worth repricing most often.
- Interchange and the Durbin Amendment
- Interchange is the fee the merchant's acquirer pays the card issuer on each transaction, set by the networks and varying by card type — rewards and commercial cards cost merchants most. The Durbin Amendment caps debit interchange for issuers with $10 billion or more in assets, which is why smaller banks and credit unions earn materially more per debit swipe.
- BaaS and sponsor banking
- Banking-as-a-Service: a chartered bank rents its charter, deposit and payment rails to fintech programs. The 2024 Synapse collapse left end users unable to reach their money and triggered a wave of enforcement, forcing sponsor banks to own third-party risk, ledger reconciliation and recordkeeping directly.
- Charter
- The legal authorization to operate as a bank — national (OCC), state (in Texas, the Department of Banking) or federal/state credit union (NCUA). Charter type determines the primary regulator, permitted activities and lending limits.
- De novo bank
- A newly chartered bank. Formation nearly stopped after 2008 and remains rare and capital-intensive, which is a structural reason growth markets like Austin are served overwhelmingly by banks headquartered somewhere else.